How Did We Manage Before GPS?

How did we manage our way out and about when we lived in the East in the late 1980's?

I am daily grateful for our navigation system or global positioning system (GPS) as we dash from one appointment to the next! Still, after 3 weeks, I am confused which direction we are going as the streets meander through densely wooded areas and unfamiliar landmarks!

Google Earth is also very helpful as we sometimes have to look into which route to take before we leave the apartment.